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C
One of our expectations about education is that it will pay off in terms of upward mobility. Historically, the relation between education and income has been strong. But in the early 1970s, a contradiction developed between education and the economy. Our value of education and our average educational attainment（获得）run faster than the capacity of the economy to absorb the graduates.
Since the 1970s, high-school graduates have experienced a striking decrease in earnings, making them the first generation since World War Ⅱ to face a lower standard of living than their parents had. Experts have argued that this contradiction is at the heart of the problem of public education today. It is not, as business leaders claim, that the schools are failing to properly educate students, that they are turning out young people who are inadequately prepared to function in the workplace. The real problem is a shortage of economic opportunities for students who are not continuing on to college. College graduates also are having difficulty finding jobs. Even when they do, the jobs may not be consistent with their training and expectations. Part of the problem is that too many young Americans expect to have professional jobs, making disappointment and frustration unavoidable for some.
Many students assumed that what was true of an individual— that the higher the education, the better the job opportunities — would also be true for an entire society. But when the numbers of better-educated young people became too great, the economy could no longer absorb them. Another part of the problem is the assumption that greater educational attainment guarantees career advancement. In fact, employers do not routinely reward educational attainment; rather, they reward it only when they believe it will contribute to the employee’s productivity.
We should not overlook the fact that there is still a strong relationship between education and occupation and income. College graduates have a strong advantage over those with less education. But the payoff is neither as large nor as certain as it once was. Unfortunately, Americans have focused so strong on the economic payoff that many consider their college education useless if it does not create a desirable, well-paying job. Only in this sense can we speak of an “oversupply” of college graduates.  
We could argue that all or at least the majority of Americans would profit by some degree because higher education can enable the individual to think more deeply, explore more widely, and enjoy a greater range of experiences.
28. The underlined phrase “turning out” in Paragraph.2 probably means         .
  A. bringing up          B. putting out            C. bringing out        D. putting up
29. When do employers reward higher education?
  A. It offers better job opportunities.
  B. It makes for higher productivity.
  C. It guarantees career advancement.
  D. It brings a definite advantage over others.
30. The passage mainly talks about ________.
  A. our expectations about education     
  B. the problem of public education today
  C. the contradiction between education and economy
  D. the connection between education and occupation
31. What’s the writer’s attitude towards higher education?
  A. Objective           B. Indifferent            C. Disapproving        D. Favorable
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